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Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār (), or Ya'qūb-i Layth-i Saffārī (), born Rādmān pūr-i Māhak () (October 25, 840 – June 5, 879), a Persian coppersmith,〔"''The provincial Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with contempt''". -- ''Ya'kub b. al-Layth al Saffar'', C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. XI, p 255〕 was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in south-western Afghanistan). He ruled territories that are now in Iran and Afghanistan, as well as portions of western Pakistan〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Yaʿqūb ibn Layth al-Ṣaffār )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Saffarid Dynasty )〕 and a small part of Iraq. He was succeeded by his brother, Amr ibn al-Layth.
==Early life==
Ya'qub was born in 840 in a small town called ''Karnin'' (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan. Information about his genealogy and social background is lacking. Clifford Edmund Bosworth explains that a number of Sunni sources were invariably hostile to Ya'qub because of the disrespect he showed toward the Abbasid caliph.〔(Bosworth, ''The Armies of the Saffarids,'' pp. 536, 541 )〕 "Some sources accused Ya'qub of being a Khariji, Ibn Khallikan labelled him a Christian, and Nizam al-Mulk claimed that he converted to Ismailism".〔Siyasat-nama, translated by H. Darke (New Haven 1960), p. 15.〕 However, most sources agree on Ya'qub's ascetic lifestyle.
Many sources claim that he lived a very poor life, it is mentioned that he sometimes ate bread and onions due to poverty. His family moved to the city of Zaranj due to the occasional sectarian violence between the Sunnis and Kharijites. His father, Laith, was probably killed before the family arrived in the new city. Ya'qub began work as a coppersmith (''"saffar"''), while his brother Amr ibn al-Layth worked as a mule-hirer.
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